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Evolution Korea
South Korea's democratic system is vulnerable to populist impulses. Nonetheless, it is healthier than might be expected.
The country is searching for a new paradigm of development. The Confucian culture, which emphasizes respect for the ancestors as well as gendered family relationships, continues to be influential in the society. There are signs of a secularist cultural trend emerging.
Origins
In prehistoric times, the ancestors to today's Koreans were capable of survival through hunting and gathering wild foods. Then around 10,000 years ago, they began to grow crops including millet and beans. They also raised livestock and even made furs. These tribes formed tribal states one after another in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also developed a metalworking industry, producing bronze tools and later iron ones. They traded with other states and introduced celadon paper making, block printing art styles, and written language to Japan.
In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was established in the southern part of the peninsula. This state embraced Chinese culture that included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. During this time the people of Buyeo became part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical society in which a monarch and high-ranking officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy while the rest of the population were peasants. The state collected taxes from these people, and sometimes forced them to serve in the army or construct fortifications.
At the close of the period, the state of Baekje was established by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and was the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. The new kingdom grew into the southwest of the peninsula, and fought against Goguryeo's commanderies and China's in the region. Baekje incorporated aspects of Confucian thinking into its state beliefs and made the male centered concept of filiopiety an official doctrine in 1390 CE. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were accountable to their families. They had to be obeyed by all and admired by even their children and grandchildren.
Goryeo, a nation which ruled from 918 until 1392 CE, gave the world the Hangul Alphabet based upon the shapes created by the mouth while pronouncing. This greatly improved communication and led to a rise in the writing of Buddhist text. Additionally, movable metallic type printing was introduced, and woodblock printing was improved. It was during this period that the Samguk sagi or 'History of the Three Kingdoms' first appeared in 1145 CE.
Evolution in Korea
The Korean peninsula has been habitable since Neolithic times. The earliest evidence for human settlements is evident in the form of graves lined with stone, with precious goods such as amazonite jewellery being buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens, made of huge single stones, are prevalent throughout the country.
In the first second half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognizable political state. The peninsula was later under the control of a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE), including Baekje and Goguryeo. The northern portion of the peninsula was occupied for a time by the Balhae Kingdom which historians do not believe to be a real Korean state.
Following the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, or Several States Period. Among them, Baekje was the most powerful however, its dynasty ended when Goguryeo was defeated in 676 CE leaving Baekje with its southern territories of Manchuria and the western region around the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy flourished for a short time.
The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged, and the three kingdoms began to cooperate to expand their territories. In the end, Silla, with significant Chinese assistance, defeated the other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE.
As Korea enters the post-crisis era its development model appears to be in flux. Those who are appalled by the huge cost of the old system are urging the need for a comprehensive program of liberalization of capital, labor, and product markets. On the other hand, supporters of the old system want to protect it by using nationalist sentiments and inflating fears over potential job losses.
Analysts and academics are divided on the extent to which Korea's growth is being driven by these two trends. This article assesses developments to date by analyzing five phases of Korea's political development: illiberal democracy (1945-60), democratic authoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87) democratic paternalism (1987-2001), and democratic participation (2002 to the present). This article also identifies some key factors that seem to be influencing these developments.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. Creationists have made progress in promoting their beliefs to this group. A 2009 survey revealed that almost three-quarters of respondents did not believe in the theory of evolution. Of the respondents, 41% believed there was not enough scientific evidence to support the theory 39% of respondents believed it was contrary to their religious beliefs, and 17% said they did not comprehend it. This level of disbelief is comparable to that in the United States, where a similar percentage of people do not accept that humans evolved from earlier types of life.
In the past, most of the anti-evolutionist movement in Korea was focused on teaching college students and leading them to Christ. A significant increase in the interest in creation science occurred in the year 1980, when there was an all-day seminar that was held during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul which featured Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the keynote speakers. This event was attended by an audience of scientists, professors, and church leaders.
The event's success led to the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31st, 1980. The inauguration meeting was widely reported in national newspapers, such as The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo and also attracted a lot of attention.
KACR began publishing a newsletter called CREATION. In it, the group reported on its own activities and published articles on scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated film strips and slides from ICR and also some books on creationism that were already published outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures across the country in churches and universities.
A KACR success was witnessed at KAIST University in Seoul. There, enough students were fascinated by the concept of creationism that they raised enough money and support needed to build an on-campus museum featuring creationist fossil models and other exhibits.
In addition to its public activities, KACR click here publishes a bimonthly news magazine called CREATION which covers topics in the field of creation science. It also sponsored a series of talks by ICR staff. It also has branches in local offices that give talks and seminars to children and community groups.
Changes in South Korea
In the late 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok, was replaced with miniskirts, and other foreign fashion elements. Similar to the way traditional Korean music styles were replaced by modern jazz and rock and roll. At this time the samulnori, or masked dance-dramas, became popular with the general public. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums and other instruments of music.
The economic crisis has formed Korea's new model of development. The primary challenge for the new regime is to find an equilibrium between market-oriented and state-led policies. It also involves rethinking the incentives monitoring and discipline strategies that have created the system prior to the crisis. These issues are covered in Chapters 3 and 4.
The Baekje was founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established in the middle of the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas and migrants from northern China. In the 4th century, in the early part of, Baekje was a major regional power and expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. It was therefore in constant conflict with Goguryeo, and the Chinese commanders at the border.
The fall of Silla in the late 8th and 9th centuries enabled powerful local factions to emerge. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as the capital. He controlled a part of today's Jeolla province as well as Chungcheong. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju. He was a rival to Goguryeo.
However the rule of his was short-lived. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla Later, he incorporated Baekje into Goryeo and acted as a peaceful successor. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms, and strengthened the centrally-run system. This marked the closing of the Three Kingdoms period. The Korean peninsula was later under the control of the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually developed into powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.